Which type of conduct could lead to civil litigation against an officer?

Civil litigation against an officer can arise from actions that infringe upon an individual's rights. Unlawful arrest is a situation where an officer detains an individual without proper legal justification or without adhering to established procedures. This conduct violates the Fourth Amendment, which protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.

When an officer makes an unlawful arrest, it can lead to significant consequences for the individual affected, including emotional distress, loss of liberty, and financial burdens related to legal representation. Therefore, the aggrieved individual may file a civil lawsuit against the officer for damages resulting from the unlawful action.

In this context, while failure to report misconduct, disciplinary action, and denial of victim might involve serious professional implications or violations of departmental policy, they do not typically rise to the level of violating an individual's legal rights in a direct manner like unlawful arrest does.