Under what circumstances can contraband typically be seized?

The correct answer is based on the legal principle that contraband can typically be seized when it is in plain view. This doctrine allows law enforcement officers to take possession of items that are illegal without needing a warrant if the items are readily observable in their location. The key component of this principle is that the officer must be in a lawful position when they observe the contraband; for example, if an officer is conducting their duties legally and sees illegal items in an open area, they can seize those items.

Other options do not typically confer the same level of authority for seizure. Mere suspicion does not provide enough basis for legal action, as officers need probable cause. Routine traffic stops may lead to further investigation, but contraband can only be seized if there is more than just a routine check leading to probable cause. Finally, chemical field tests are used to confirm the identity of substances and do not establish grounds for seizing contraband independently without additional evidence or support from obvious illegal activity.